Fig. 1From: Removal of uremic toxins by renal replacement therapies: a review of current progress and future perspectivesIndoxyl sulfate (IS) induces macrophage foam cell formation in an atherosclerotic lesion. IS, a protein-bound uremic toxin, reacts directly with macrophages and induces production of inflammatory cytokines as well as impairment of cholesterol efflux to high-density lipoprotein, leading to macrophage foam cell formationBack to article page