Table 2 Characteristics of protein-bound uremic toxins
Uremic toxins | Pre-dialysis concentrations (mg/dL) | Protein binding (%) | Reduction rate with hemodialysis (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
Indoxyl sulfate | 2.99 ± 0.18 | 97.7 ± 0.2 | 31.8 ± 1.4 |
Indoxyl glucuronide | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 59.6 ± 1.5 | 79.6 ± 0.9 |
Indoleacetic acid | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 94.1 ± 0.6 | 44.3 ± 1.5 |
P-Cresyl sulfate | 3.71 ± 0.28 | 95.1 ± 0.6 | 29.1 ± 1.7 |
P-Cresyl glucuronide | 0.58 ± 0.09 | 32.3 ± 2.6 | 80.7 ± 1.1 |
Phenyl sulfate | 1.35 ± 0.15 | 90.7 ± 0.9 | 65.2 ± 1.4 |
Phenyl glucuronide | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 76.1 ± 1.3 | 69.2 ± 8.6 |
Phenylacetic acid | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 60.5 ± 2.4 | 35.0 ± 7.0 |
Phenylacethyl glutamine | 4.15 ± 0.37 | 44.9 ± 2.1 | 75.7 ± 1.0 |
Hippuric acid | 4.43 ± 0.53 | 48.3 ± 2.5 | 68.9 ± 1.6 |
4-Ethylphenyl sulfate | 0.0242 ± 0.0044 | 99.3 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 2.5 |
3-Carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid | 2.11 ± 0.13 | 99.7 ± 0.1 | −30.5 ± 3.1 |