Fig. 3
From: Nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients on peritoneal dialysis
Relationship between sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease. Malnutrition, physical inactivity, insulin resistance, inflammation, hormonal changes, autophagy, apoptosis, and oxidative stress are involved in the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease, such as heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and coronary heart disease, in patients with sarcopenia is significantly increased