Recent advances in the pathophysiology and management of protein-energy wasting in chronic kidney disease

Table 7 Recommended minimum protein, energy, and mineral intakes for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and maintenance dialysis patients

	Nondialysis CKD	Hemodialysis	Peritoneal dialysis
Protein	0.6–0.8 g/kg/day	>1.2 g/kg/day	>1.2 g/kg/day
Protein	Illness 1.0 g/kg	>1.2 g/kg/day	Peritonitis >1.5 g/kg
Energy	30–35^a kcal/kg/day	30–35^a kcal/kg/day	30–35^a kcal/kg/day including kcal from dialysate
Sodium	80–100 mmol/day	80–100 mmol/day	80–100 mmol/day
Potassium	<1 mmol/kg if elevated	<1 mmol/kg if elevated	Not usually an issue
Phosphorus	800–1000 mg and binders if elevated	800–1000 mg and binders if elevated	800–1000 mg and binders if elevated

Greater than 50 % of high biological value protein (that is, complete protein sources, containing the full spectrum of essential amino acids) is recommended
^aBased on physical activity level. In sedentary elderly adults, recommended energy intake is 30 kcal/kg/day. All recommendations are based on ideal body weight. Regular follow-up supports compliance

ISSN: 2059-1381