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Fig. 3 | Renal Replacement Therapy

Fig. 3

From: The hydrogen molecule as antioxidant therapy: clinical application in hemodialysis and perspectives

Fig. 3

Original manufacturing process of hemodialysis solution. Tap water is processed by filtration, activated charcoal filtration, and softening, followed by water electrolysis to deliver H2-rich water for reverse osmosis. There is a progressive decline in H2 levels by this process, and the final H2 content in dialysate solution is approximately 50 ppb (right figure). Images show the original personal prototype of the electrolyzed HD system with a single water electrolyzer (left below) and the recent central system for multiple patients that incorporates multiple electrolyzers (left upper)

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