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The representative areas in (A)~(C) can be described as follows (the details were reviewed previously [1]).
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(A) Acute kidney injury in cancer patients
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The causes of AKI in cancer patients can be categorized as prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal.
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• Prerenal (extracellular fluid depletion, hypercalcemia, hepatic sinusoidal occlusive syndrome, drugs)
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• Intrinsic (acute tubular necrosis, lymphomatous infiltration of the kidney, cast nephropathy, tumor lysis syndrome, thrombotic microangiopathy, secondary glomerulopathies)
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• Postrenal (extrarenal obstruction due to primary disease, retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, retroperitoneal fibrosis)
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(B) Paraneoplastic glomerulopathies
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• Solid malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy
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• Hematologic malignancy-associated minimal change disease
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(C) Chemotherapy-associated kidney manifestations
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• Minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (interferon, pamidronate)
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• Acute tubular necrosis and electrolyte wasting (cisplatin)
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• Magnesium wasting (cetuximab)
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• Thrombotic microangiopathy (bevacizumab, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and gemcitabine)
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• Cast nephropathy (methotrexate)
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(D) Cancer risk and screening in patients with ESRD
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Although the etiologies of cancer-associated renal diseases in (A)~(C) are relatively well understood, the protocols of the cancer screening and effective anti-cancer treatment for ESRD patients are not established yet.
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(E) Anti-cancer chemotherapy in patients with ESRD
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