Table 1 Areas of special importance in the field of onco-nephrology

The representative areas in (A)~(C) can be described as follows (the details were reviewed previously [1]).

The causes of AKI in cancer patients can be categorized as prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal.

• Prerenal (extracellular fluid depletion, hypercalcemia, hepatic sinusoidal occlusive syndrome, drugs)

• Intrinsic (acute tubular necrosis, lymphomatous infiltration of the kidney, cast nephropathy, tumor lysis syndrome, thrombotic microangiopathy, secondary glomerulopathies)

• Postrenal (extrarenal obstruction due to primary disease, retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, retroperitoneal fibrosis)

• Solid malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy

• Hematologic malignancy-associated minimal change disease

• Minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (interferon, pamidronate)

• Acute tubular necrosis and electrolyte wasting (cisplatin)

• Magnesium wasting (cetuximab)

• Thrombotic microangiopathy (bevacizumab, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and gemcitabine)

• Cast nephropathy (methotrexate)

Although the etiologies of cancer-associated renal diseases in (A)~(C) are relatively well understood, the protocols of the cancer screening and effective anti-cancer treatment for ESRD patients are not established yet.