Table 1 Characteristics of candidate renal stem/progenitor cells for cell therapy against AKI
| Â | Source | Accessibility | Supply | Therapeutic effects | Tumorigenicity | Ethical issue | Immune matching | Clinical application/clinical trial | Obstacles to overcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mesenchymal stem cells | Bone marrow, adipose tissue, other tissues | Moderate | Limited | Paracrine effects | Possible | None | Yes | Phase ll trial | Variable therapeutic effects |
Adult renal stem/progenitor cells | Various locations in adult kidney | Difficult | Limited | Replacement of renal tissues or cells/paracrine effects | Unknown | None | It is up to their stable supplies | None | Unknown origin/unpredictable and limited supply |
Renal progenitors derived from iPSCs | Skin, blood, other cell type | Easy | Infinite | Replacement of renal tissues or cells/paracrine effects | Possible | None | Yes | None | Unestablished differentiation protocol |