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Table 6 Factors of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents hyporesponsiveness

From: 2015 Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy: Guidelines for Renal Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease

Bleeding and blood loss

Gastrointestinal bleeding, menses, blood trapping in the dialyzer

Hematopoietic disorder

Infections (including blood access infection and peritoneal access infections), inflammation, autoimmune disease

Aluminum poisoning, lead poisoning, severe hyperparathyroidism (osteitis fibrosa)

Under dialysis

Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor

Malignant tumor

Deficiency of elements required for erythropoiesis

Iron deficiency (copper deficiency, vitamin C deficiency), folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency

Hematopoietic organ tumor and hematological disorder

Multiple myeloma, hemolysis, abnormal hemoglobin disease

Hypersplenism

 

Anti-EPO antibody

 

Other factors

Zinc deficiency, carnitine deficiency, vitamin E deficiency

  1. Cited from [5], partially revised