From: 2015 Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy: Guidelines for Renal Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease
Bleeding and blood loss | Gastrointestinal bleeding, menses, blood trapping in the dialyzer |
Hematopoietic disorder | Infections (including blood access infection and peritoneal access infections), inflammation, autoimmune disease Aluminum poisoning, lead poisoning, severe hyperparathyroidism (osteitis fibrosa) Under dialysis Renin–angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitor Malignant tumor |
Deficiency of elements required for erythropoiesis | Iron deficiency (copper deficiency, vitamin C deficiency), folic acid deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency |
Hematopoietic organ tumor and hematological disorder | Multiple myeloma, hemolysis, abnormal hemoglobin disease |
Hypersplenism | Â |
Anti-EPO antibody | Â |
Other factors | Zinc deficiency, carnitine deficiency, vitamin E deficiency |