Table 1 Healthy and dysfunctional endothelium
From: An overview of AVF maturation and endothelial dysfunction in an advanced renal failure
Healthy endothelium | Endothelial dysfunction |
|---|---|
Vasodilatory (↑NO, ↑PGI2) | Impaired vasodilation (↓NO, ↓PGI2) |
Decrease oxidative stress, ↓uric acid | Increase oxidative stress (↑ nitrotyrosine and uric acid) |
Anticoagulant (↓PAI-1, vWF, P-selectin) | Procoagulant (↑PAI-1, vWF, P-selectin) |
Rise in endothelial progenitor cells and decrease molecular markers of damage (circulating endothelial cells, microparticles) | Decrement in endothelial progenitor cells and increase molecular markers of damage (circulating endothelial cells, microparticles) |
Anti-inflammatory biomarkers (↓sICAM, sVCAM, E-selectin, CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-6, MCP-1) | Pro-inflammatory biomarkers (↑sICAM, sVCAM, E-selectin, CRP, TNF-alpha, IL-6, MCP-1) |