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Table 1 Observational studies examining the relationship between serum Mg levels and cardiovascular calcification/atherosclerosis

From: Cardiovascular disease, mortality, and magnesium in chronic kidney disease: growing interest in magnesium-related interventions

Authors (year) Subjects Study design Dialysate Mg (mmol/L) Outcome Adverse effects of hypomagnesemia
Meema et al. (1987) [62] 44, PD Prospective follow-up for an average of 27 months 0.75 Progression and regression of artery calcification evaluated by plain X-ray Yes
Tzanakis et al. (1997) [63] 56, HD Cross-sectional analysis 0.81 Mitral annular calcification detected by echocardiography Yes
Tamashiro et al. (2001) [64] 24, HD Prospective follow-up for an average of 17 months 0.5 Changes in coronary artery calcification scores evaluated by CT No
Tzanakis et al. (2004) [65] 93, HD Cross-sectional analysis 0.48 Carotid intima-media thickness evaluated by ultrasound Yes
Ishimura et al. (2007) [66] 390, HD, non- DM Cross-sectional analysis 0.5 Arterial calcification of the hands detected by plain X-ray Yes
Liu et al. (2013) [32] 98, HD Cross-sectional analysis 0.5 Carotid intima-media thickness evaluated by ultrasound Yes
Sakaguchi et al. (2016) [67] 109, pre-dialysis CKD, DM Cross-sectional analysis – Density of coronary artery calcification evaluated by CT using Agatston scores Yes
Molnar et al. (2017) [68] 80, PD Cross-sectional analysis 0.25 Abdominal aortic calcification scores on lateral lumbar spine X-ray Yes
  1. Abbreviations: CKD chronic kidney disease, CT computed tomography, DM diabetes mellitus, HD hemodialysis, PD peritoneal dialysis
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