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Fig. 2 | Renal Replacement Therapy

Fig. 2

From: Rehabilitation nutrition support for a hemodialysis patient with protein-energy wasting and sarcopenic dysphagia: a case report

Fig. 2

Potential causes of sarcopenia, frailty, and protein-energy wasting in a hemodialysis patient. There are many factors in sarcopenia, frailty, and protein-energy wasting in hemodialysis patients, and these three factors often overlap. Abbreviations: cardiovascular disease (CVD), growth hormone (GH), hyperparathyroidism (HPT), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin resistance (IR), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), parathyroid hormone (PTH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TSF-α)

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Renal Replacement Therapy

ISSN: 2059-1381

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