|
Parameter
|
Mean ± SE
|
Time* (p value)
|
Repeated measures ANOVA† (p value)
|
|---|
|
Baseline
|
12 weeks
|
|---|
|
Hand grip (kg)
|
|
ES
|
17.0 ± 0.7
|
18.8 ± 0.8
|
0.14
|
Group 0.01
|
|
EX
|
19.7 ± 0.7
|
21.9 ± 0.8
|
0.02
|
Time 0.04
|
|
SED
|
27.9 ± 0.7
|
26.1 ± 0.8
|
0.22
|
Interaction 0.41
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.01
|
0.44
| |
|
MPQ (kgf)
|
|
ES
|
13.1 ± 0.1
|
15.7 ± 1.6
|
0.01
|
Group 0.53
|
|
EX
|
9.2 ± 0.3
|
10.0 ± 0.4
|
0.24
|
Time 0.04
|
|
SED
|
9.3 ± 0.2
|
9.1 ± 0.2
|
0.43
|
Interaction 0.78
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.30
|
0.01
| |
|
WBI (kgf/kg)
|
|
ES
|
0.2 ± 0.1
|
0.3 ± 0.1
|
0.04
|
Group 0.69
|
|
EX
|
0.2 ± 0.0
|
0.2 ± 0.1
|
0.11
|
Time 0.02
|
|
SED
|
0.2 ± 0.0
|
0.2 ± 0.0
|
0.33
|
Interaction 0.73
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.32
|
0.51
| |
- ES electrical stimulation, EX exercise, SED control, SE standard error, ANOVA analysis of variance, MPQ muscular power of the quadriceps, WBI weight bearing index
- *Time-related differences within each group analyzed via post hoc test was completed for variables with a significant difference depending on their parameters (Tukey-Kramer or Scheffé procedures). Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied as Mauchly’s test of sphericity was not met pairwise
- †Main effects (time and group) and interaction effect (time by group) analyzed via two-way repeated measures ANOVA
- ‡Group comparisons within each time point analyzed via post hoc test
