Fig. 3
From: Pharmaceutical prevention strategy for arteriovenous fistula and arteriovenous graft failure
Prevention and treatment of vascular access failure (VAF). VAF could occur during vascular access (VA) construction, VA maturation, or maintenance phase. Firstly, the risk factors of VAF must be evaluated. For early detection of VAF, monitoring and surveillance of VA are essential. Although there have been no reports of prophylactic drugs with strong efficacy for preventing VAF, such drugs could be effective in any phase. Either VAIVT or surgical reconstruction must be selected when VAF occurs. Particularly, surgical reconstruction in a proximal region could be possible, especially if VAF occurs as a result of thrombotic occlusion. Surgical reconstruction implies the relocation of the anastomosis to a proximal site