Table 4 Prevalence of constipation in dialysis patients

Hammer et al. (1998), Austria [31]

HD, 105

Unknown

Unknown

Straining, hard stool, or bowel movements < 3 times/week (40.0)

Yasuda et al. (2002), Japan [29]

HD, 268; PD, 204

HD, 56.4 ± 11.7

PD, 50.0 ± 13.7

Unknown

Meeting 1 and 2, or 3 (HD, 63.1; PD, 28.9)

1. Stool consistency: moderate or severe

2. Straining: always or almost always

3. Bowel movements < 3 times/week

Wu et al. (2004), Taiwan [15]

HD, 56; PD, 63

HD, 53.1 ± 10.6

PD, 50.3 ± 11.0

Unknown

Laxative use (HD, 35.7; PD, 15.9)

Cano et al. (2007), United Kingdom [32]

HD, 100; PD, 48

Unknown

Unknown

Meeting at least 2 of the following symptoms (HD, 33.0; PD 27.1)

1. Bowel movements < 3 times/week

2. Hard or lumpy stool

3. Straining

4. Feeling of incomplete emptying

5. Sensation that the stool cannot be passed

6. Need of manual maneuvers

Bossola et al (2011), Italy [33]

HD, 110

64.6 ± 14.8

6.5 ± 6.3 years

Self-defined (27.3)

Hatakeyama et al (2013), Japan [27]

HD, 112

60.2 ± 10.8

11.6 ± 6.5 years

Laxative use (27.7)

Zhang et al. (2013), China [34]

HD, 478; PD, 127

HD, 53.0 ± 14.2

PD, 45.2 ± 13.1

HD, 53.4 ± 14.9 months

PD, 49.6 ± 10.4 months

Rome III criteria (HD, 71.7; PD, 14.2)

Dong et al. (2014), China [35]

HD, 182; PD, 112

HD, 58.7 ± 14.4

PD, 59.7 ± 14.2

HD, 55.5 ± 38.5 months

PD, 48.9 ± 31.0 months

Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (HD, 36.3; PD, 17.9)

Ramos et al. (2015), Brazil [36]

HD, 290

Unknown

Unknown

Rome III criteria (32.8)

Ikee et al. (2016), Japan [28]

HD, 136

67 ± 12

103 ± 103 months

Laxative use (66.2)