Table 1 Characteristics, physical function, and ADL difficulty of study participants
| Hemodialysis group (n = 136) | Control group (n = 40) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 73.8 ± 6.7 | 75.4 ± 5.8 | 0.16 |
| 65 to 74 | 78 (57.4) | 17 (42.5) | |
| ≥ 75 | 58 (42.6) | 23 (57.5) | |
| Men | 72 (52.3) | 20 (50.0) | 0.74 |
| Height (m) | 1.59 ± 0.09 | 1.58 ± 0.09 | 0.30 |
| Body weight (kg) | 54.6 ± 11.0 | 55.5 ± 8.0 | 0.63 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 21.4 ± 3.4 | 22.3 ± 2.3 | 0.11 |
| < 18.5 | 32 (23.5) | 2 (5.0) | |
| 18.5 to 24.9 | 85 (62.5) | 35 (87.5) | |
| ≥ 25.0 | 19 (14.0) | 3 (7.5) | |
| Duration of hemodialysis (years) | 7.5 (3.0, 13.5) | – | – |
| Primary kidney disease | – | – | |
| Glomerulonephritis | 39 (28.7) | ||
| Diabetes | 47 (34.6) | ||
| Hypertension | 9 (6.6) | ||
| Other | 23 (16.9) | ||
| Unknown | 18 (13.2) | ||
| Comorbidity index score (points) | 7 (5, 9) | – | – |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.7 ± 0.3 | – | – |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.8 ± 0.9 | – | – |
| Living alone | 34 (25.0) | 5 (12.5) | 0.08 |
| SARC-F score (points) | 3 (1, 5) | 1 (0, 2) | < 0.001 |
| ≥ 4 | 58 (42.6) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Grip strength (kg) | 21.6 ± 7.1 | 26.7 ± 6.6 | < 0.001 |
| Male < 26, female < 18 | 82 (60.3) | 7 (17.5) | |
| Five-times sit-to-stand test time (s) * | 11.2 ± 4.6 | 6.5 ± 2.6 | < 0.001 |
| Usual gait speed (m/s) | 1.04 ± 0.31 | 1.59 ± 0.27 | < 0.001 |
| < 0.8 | 29 (21.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| ≤ 1.0 | 59 (43.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Maximum gait speed (m/s) | 1.35 ± 0.43 | 2.00 ± 0.39 | < 0.001 |
| Male ≤ 1.50, female ≤ 1.35 | 75 (55.1) | 1 (2.5) | |
| SPPB score (points) | 11 (8, 12) | 12 (12, 12) | < 0.001 |
| ≤ 9 | 46 (33.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| U/L ADL difficulty score (points) | 40 (31, 49) | 52 (45, 54) | < 0.001 |
| Light work | 22 (18, 27) | 28 (22, 30) | < 0.001 |
| Holding activities | 18 (14, 22) | 24 (21, 25) | < 0.001 |
| L/L ADL difficulty score (points) | 41 (30, 50) | 56 (51, 58) | < 0.001 |
| Basic ADL | 11 (9, 13) | 14 (12, 15) | < 0.001 |
| Ambulation | 18 (12, 24) | 25 (21, 25) | < 0.001 |
| Walking up or down stairs | 13 (10, 16) | 19 (16, 20) | < 0.001 |