Table 1 Characteristics of all study participants with frailty classification and frailty status. Values of categorical variables are given as number (percentage). Values for continuous variables are given as median (interquartile range)

Age (year)

83.1 (80.6-86.7)

82.6 (80.6 ― 85.3)

82.9 (80.4 ― 87.1)

83.8 (81.2 ― 87.7)

0.124

Sex (Female)

144 (45.4)

38 (32.3)

55 (55.1)

51 (49.0)

0.027*

Body mass index (kg/m2)

19.7 (17.5-22.0)

19.6 (18.2 ― 22.0)

19.6 (17.4 ― 21.9)

18.5 (15.9 ― 21.6)

0.028*

Cardio-Thoracic Ratio (%)

54.5 (50.0-60.8)

55 (50 ― 61)

54.4 (51 ― 60)

55 (50 61)

0.828

Charlson Comorbidity index

4 (3-5)

4.0 (3.0 ― 5.0)

4.0 (3.0 ― 5.0)

4.0 (3.0 ― 6.0)

0.013*

Cardiovascular disease

57 (18.4)

18 (16.8)

23 (23.0)

16 (15.5)

0.388

Congestive heart failure

80 (25.8)

28 (26.2)

26 (26.0)

26 (25.2)

0.924

Peripheral vascular disease

12 (3.9)

5 (4.7)

4 (4.0)

3 (2.9)

0.791

Dementia

89 (28.7)

12 (11.2)

26 (26.0)

51 (49.5)

<0.001**

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

15 (4.8)

4 (3.7)

4 (4.0)

7 (6.8)

0.519

Collagen disease

16 (5.2)

7 (6.5)

5 (5.0)

4 (3.9)

0.680

Peptic ucler

5 (1.6)

1 (0.9)

1 (1.0)

3 (2.9)

0.436

Mild Liver dysfunction

10 (3.2)

4 (3.7)

3 (3.0)

3 (2.9)

0.917

Diabetes mellitus without end-organ damage

22 (7.1)

2 (1.9)

11 (11.0)

9 (8.7)

0.599

Hemiplegia

46 (14.8)

11 (10.3)

13 (13.0)

22 (21.4)

0.149

Diabetes mellitus with end-organ damage

107 (34.5)

40 (37.4)

35 (35.0)

32 (31.1)

0.650

Malignant Tumor (no metastasis)

22 (7.1)

6 (5.6)

8 (8.0)

8 (7.8)

0.765

Moderate/Sever Liver dysfunction

6 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

4 (4.0)

2 (1.9)

0.122

Metastatic malignant tumor

4 (1.3)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.0)

3 (2.9)

0.178

SPICES Score

0 (0-3.0)

0.0 (0.0 ― 1.0)

1.0 (0.0 ― 1.5)

2.0 (1.0 ― 3.0)

<0.001**

Sleep disorder

67 (21.6)

30 (28.0)

18 (18.0)

19 (18.4)

0.13

Problem with eating

92 (29.7)

9 (8.4)

26 (26.0)

57 (55.3)

<0.001**

Incontinence

93 (30.0)

8 (7.5)

22 (22.0)

63 (61.2)

<0.001**

Confusion

89 (28.7)

12 (11.2)

26 (26.0)

51 (49.5)

<0.001**

Evidence of Falls

34 (11.0)

6 (5.6)

10 (10.0)

18 (17.5)

0.021*

Skin breakdown

18 (5.8)

1 (0.9)

2 (2.0)

15 (14.6)

<0.001**

  Diabetes mellitus

101 (32.6)

37 (34.6)

33 (33.0)

31 (30.1)

0.452

  Glomeruonephritis

49 (15.8)

16 (15.0)

16 (16.0)

17 (16.5)

0.591

  Nephrosclerosis

38 (12.3)

13 (12.1)

13 (13.0)

12 (11.7)

0.206

  Other

16 (5.2)

6 (5.6)

6 (6.0)

4 (3.9)

0.353

  Unknown

107 (34.5)

35 (32.7)

33 (33.0)

39 (37.9)

0.225

  Serum Albumin (g/dl)

2.9 (2.2-3.4)

3.1 (2.8―3.4)

2.9 (2.4―3.3)

2.6 (2.2―3.0)

<0.001**

  Hemoglobin (g/dl)

9.0 (7.8-10.1)

8.8 (8.3―10.1)

8.9 (8.0―9.9)

8.8 (7.8―9.9)

0.452

  Serum Sodium (mEq/l)

137.6 (133-141)

138 (136―141)

138 (135―141)

138 (133―141)

0.591

 Serum Potassium (mEq/l)

4.5 (3.9-5.4)

4.3 (3.9―5.0)

4.3 (3.8―4.9)

4.6 (3.9―5.4)

0.206

 Serum Chloride (mEq/l)

105.8 (110-111)

107 (103―111)

106 (101―110)

106 (101―110)

0.24

 Blood Urea Nitrogen (mg/dl)

81.4 (54.0-111)

72.5 (57.4―88.6)

73.2 (54.0―93.6)

75.3 (60.8―111)

0.156

 Serum Creatinine (mg/dl)

5.3 (4.0 -6.6)

5.6 (4.2―7.2)

4.9 (4.0―6.2)

5.2 (4.3―7.4)

0.078

 Corrected Serum Calcium (mg/dl)

9.3 (8.9-9.9)

9.3 (8.8―9.5)

9.3 (8.9―9.6)

9.6 (9.2―9.9)

<0.001**

 Serum Phosphorus (mg/dl)

5.1 (3.8-6.2)

4.7 (3.9―5.5)

4.6 (3.8―5.5)

5.2 (4.2―6.2)

0.012*

 Brain Natriuretic Peptide (pg/ml)

196 (72.2-570)

162.5 (76―405)

147 (63―458)

162.5 (76―405)

0.432

 Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)

161 (136-192)

167 (141―197)

159 (130―180)

160 (131―193)

0.161

 Total Lymphocyte Count (1000/μL)

0.98 (0.70-1.35)

0.99 (0.8―1.4)

1.01 (0.8―1.4)

0.93 (0.6―1.2)

0.083

 C-reactive protein (mg/dl)

0.7 (0.72-1.44)

0.16 (0.06―0.76)

0.78 (0.07―1.42)

1.12 (0.42―1.95)

<0.001**

 CONUT score

6 (4.0-8.0)

5 (4―7)

6 (4―8)

7 (6―9)

<0.001**