Table 1 General characteristics of the studies included in the review
Author | Year | Country | Population | Period inclusion | Source | Outcome currency | Perspective | Costs included | Total | Sub-group 1 | Sub-group 2 | Sub-group 3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | UK | Incident RRT | 2003–2006 | The UK Renal Registry (UKRR); Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) | Mean costs during the first year (₤) | Insurance | Top-bottom cost estimation. In-patient cost from Health Resource Group (HRG), 2012 tariff. Outpatient cost (appointments). | HD n= 12,068 Mean age = 68 DM= 34% | PD n= 4018 Mean age = 68 DM= 29% | TX n= 4149 Mean age = 68 DM= 27% | ||
2016 | Generalized linear model parameter | Dialysis n= 15,869 DM= 34% | TX n= 4511 DM= 26% | |||||||||
Grun et al. [23] | 2003 | UK | Incident and prevalent dialysis in patients 70 yrs. or older | 1995–1996 | North Thames dialysis Study medical records. | Societal | Top-bottom cost estimation. Medical and social services. Privately borne costs. | Dialysis n= 171 HD= 56% Mean age= 77 DM= 20% | ||||
Kao et al. [24] | 2013 | Taiwan | Prevalent dialysis adults, no cancer, no dialysis out of hospital | 1997–2005 | National Health Insurance (NHI) | Total lifetime cost. Cost per patient per year (US$) | Insurance | Bottom up costs estimation. Out-patient medical expenses Inpatient medical expenses. | HD n= 36,539 Mean age = 61 DM= 49% | PD n= 3137 Mean age = 53 DM= 34% | ||
Su et al. [25] | 2010 | Taiwan | Prevalent dialysis patients | 2005–2006 | National Health Insurance Bureau’s (NHIB) medical records | Use of medical resources during dialysis. | Provider | Bottom-up cost estimation. Fixed and variable during dialysis | Dialysis n= 177 Mean age= 62 DM= 50% HD=? % | |||
Yang et al. [26] | 2001 | Taiwan | Prevalent dialysis patients > 1 yr. dialysis | 1999 | 3 medical centers | Annualized cost per patient-year at risk (US$) | Insurance | Top-bottom cost estimation. Out-patient medical expenses Inpatient medical expenses. | Dialysis n= 212 1/1-paired DM | |||
Hynes et al. [27] | 2012 | USA | Prevalent dialysis patients | 2001–2003 | Healthcare use Medicare claims databases Self-report | Adjusted 12-month total cost (US$) | Societal | Mix of bottom-up and top-bottom estimation. Direct cost (including travel and caregivers). | HD n= 334 Mean age= 62.2 DM= 50% DM Comp= 39% | |||
Bruns et al. [28] | 1997 | USA | Prevalent dialysis patients | 1994–1995 | Medical records University of Pittsburgh Hospital | Annualized costs per patient-year (US$) | Insurance | Bottom-up cost estimation. All transaction - Inpatient - Outpatient | Dialysis n= 148 >65 yrs. =32% DM= 25% | |||
Salonen et al. [29] | 2003 | Finland | Incident adult patients | 1991–1996 | Tempere University hospital | Mean cost (US$) | Provider | Bottom-up costs estimation. Direct health cost including overhead costs | HD n= 138 Mean age = 58.6 DM= 32% | CAPD n= 76 Mean age = 51 DM= 42% | TX n= 55 Mean age = 45 DM= 25% | |
Couillerot et al. [30] | 2017 | France | Prevalent adult RRT patients | 2009–2010 | French national health insurance information system (SNIIRAM). French national hospital computerized medical information system (PMSI). | Monthly cost (€) | Insurance | Bottom-up cost estimation. Direct costs: - Outpatient - Inpatient -Drugs -Transport | RRT n= 65,662 Mean age = 61 DM= 23% | HD n= 33,405 | PD n= 2473 | TX n= 22,768 |
Icks et al. [31] | 2010 | Germany | Prevalent dialysis patients | 2006 | Medical records | Dialysis-related costs | Insurance | Top-down cost estimation. Direct medical cost: dialysis treatment, related admissions, outpatient contacts, related Drugs and patient transportation | HD n= 344 Mean age = 69 | |||
Joyce et al. [32] | 2004 | USA | Incident (new onset ESKD) patients | 1998–2002 | PharMetrics Patient-Centric Database | First-year annual cost (US$) | Provider | Top-down cost estimation. Direct cost (health plan reimbursements) | RRT n= 4190 >65 yrs. =26% DM= 48% | |||
Mau et al. [33] | 2010 | USA | Incident patients aged 67 or older | 1995–2005 | Medicare | First-year annual cost (US$) | Insurance | Top-down cost estimation. Medicare allowable cost | HD n= 290,537 Mean age = 75.6–77.4 DM= 54.2–64.1% | |||
Wong et al. [34] | 2012 | Australia | Incidence and prevalence | 2004–2008 | Refined diagnosis-related group and Medicare benefits schedule Australia | Total cost of dialysis and receiving a deceased donor liver | Insurance | Top-down cost estimation. Total cost of dialysis and receiving a deceased donor liver | ||||
Ghoddousi et al. [35] | 2007 | Iran | Prevalence | 2000–2005 | Patient’s hospital records | Total cost of rehospitalizations after Tx (PPP$) | Provider | Top-down cost estimation. Total hospital costs including hotel, medications, surgery, lab. test, imaging tests, health personnel, transportation. | Hx n=387 DM=18% | |||
Smith et al. [36] | 1989 | USA | Prevalence | 1981–1983 | Michigan Kidney Registry | Annual Medicare allowable charges | Insurance | Top-down cost estimation. Sum of the reimbursed amount paid by providers | n=1146 DM= 21% | HD n=1106 X ̄age 58,7 DM= 21% | PERI n=69 DM= 27.5% | Tx n=167 DM= 27% |
Woodward et al. [37] | 2011 | USA | Prevalence | 1998–2002 | US Renal Data System | The lump sum of daily average Medicare payments per patient (8 yrs.) | Insurance | Top-down cost estimation. Institutional claims and physician’s supplier claims | n=24,816 DM=46.4% NODAT=20% | Tx patients Total=24,816 DM=46.4% NODAT=20% | ||
Manley et al. [38] | 2005 | USA | Prevalence | 2003 | Dialysis Clinic Inc. DCI | Average monthly cost of drugs taken at home by patients that receive dialysis | Provider | Top-down cost estimation. Medications used at home | n=10,230 | HD= 10203 DM 40% |