Table 1 Characteristics of studies included in this systematic review
Studies | Study design | Location/setting | Sample size | Male, % (intervention/control) | Age, years (intervention/control) | Inclusion criteria | Treatment of intervention group | Treatment of control group | Outcome | Follow-up period |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Siu 2006 | Parallel, open-label RCT | Hong Kong/single center | 51 | 29%/54% | 47.7/48.8 | Cr 1.35–4.50 mg/dL | Allopurinol | Usual therapy | Cr, ESKD, death | 12 months |
Goicoechea 2010 | Parallel, open-label RCT | Spain/single center | 113 | Not described | Not described | eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | Allopurinol | Usual therapy | eGFR, ESKD, death, hospitalizations, CV events | 2 years |
Sircar 2015 | Parallel, double-blind RCT | India/single center | 93 | 64%/77% | 56.2/58.4 | SUA ≥ 7 mg/dL, eGFR 15–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Febuxostat | Placebo | eGFR, SUA, ESKD, death, CV events, adverse events | 6 months |
Saag 2016 | Parallel, double-blind RCT | USA/multicenter | 96 | 80%/81% | 65.5/66.3 | Gout, SUA ≥ 7 mg/dL, Cr ≥ 1.5 mg/dL, eGFR 15–50 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Febuxostat | Placebo | eGFR, Cr, SUA | 12 months |
Schumacher 2008 | Parallel, double-blind RCT | USA/multicenter | 1072 | 94%/92% | 52/52 | Gout, SUA ≥ 8 mg/dL, Cr ≤ 2.0 mg/dL | Febuxostat or allopurinol | Placebo | SUA, gout flare | 28 weeks |
Hosoya 2014 | Parallel, double-blind RCT | Japan/multicenter | 123 | 85%/93% | 62.5/64.6 | SUA ≥ 7 or 8 mg/dL, eGFR 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Topiroxostat | Placebo | eGFR, SUA | 22 weeks |
Golmohammadi 2017 | Iran, single blind RCT | Iran/single center | 214 | 55%/54% | Not described | SUA ≥ 6 mg/dL, eGFR 15–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Allopurinol | Placebo | eGFR, SUA | 12 months |
Gunawardhana 2018 | Parallel, double-blind RCT | USA/multicenter | 189 | 72%/68% | 62.7/64.6 | Gout, SUA ≥ 8 mg/dL, eGFR 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Febuxostat | Placebo | SUA, gout flare | 3 months |
Saag 2019 | Parallel, double-blind RCT | USA/multicenter | 1783 | 88%/91% | 55.2/54.4 | Gout, SUA ≥ 8 mg/dL, eGFR 30–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Febuxostat | Placebo | SUA, gout flare | 3 months |
Mukri 2018 | Parallel, open-label RCT | Malaysia/single center | 100 | 53%/54% | 64/67 | SUA ≥ 6.7 mg/dL, eGFR 15–60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | Febuxostat | no treatment | eGFR, proteinuria, HbA1c, CV events | 6 months |
Kimura 2018 | Parallel, double-blind RCT | Japan/multicenter | 443 | 77%/78% | 65.4/65.3 | SUA 7–10 mg/dL, CKD stage 3 | Febuxostat | Placebo | eGFR, Cr, SUA, ESKD | 108 weeks |