Table 1 Characteristics of the patients

Age (year)

75 (65–83)

76 (66–84)

71 (63–81)

0.016

Male sex

379/616 (61.5)

297/489 (60.7)

82/127 (64.6)

0.429

Severity

APACHE II score (0–71)

20 (15–26)

19 (14–25)

25 (20–31)

 < 0.001

SOFA score (0–24)

8 (5–11)

7 (5–10)

11 (8–14)

 < 0.001

Comorbidity

Chronic kidney disease

61/616 (9.9)

29/489 (5.9)

32/127 (25.2)

 < 0.001

Malignancy

71/616 (11.5)

49/489 (10.0)

22/127 (17.3)

0.022

Diabetes mellitus

176/616 (28.6)

137/489 (28.0)

39/127 (30.7)

0.550

Hepatic disease

22/616 (3.6)

15/489 (3.1)

7/127 (5.5)

0.186

Others

229/616 (37.2)

193/489 (39.5)

36/127 (28.3)

0.021

Physiological variable (Day 1)

Worst GCS score

14 (9–15)

14 (10–15)

13 (8–15)

0.034

Worst heart rate (beats/min)

113 (95–128)

112 (96–127)

114 (92–130)

0.965

Worst mean arterial pressure (mmHg)

65.7 (53.7–82.5)

67.3 (56.0–84.7)

58.3 (46.0–72.7)

 < 0.001

Lactate level (mg/dL)

25.2 (18.0–40.2)

24.3 (18.0–36.9)

34.2 (17.1–55.8)

0.009

PaO2:FiO2

232.5 (133.3–328.1)

236.8 (137.5–326.7)

206.1 (127.8–328.1)

0.390

Worst creatinine level (mg/dL)

1.2 (0.8–2.2)

1.1 (0.8–1.7)

2.9 (1.5–4.9)

 < 0.001

Bilirubin level (mg/dL)

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

0.908

Platelet count (cells × 10⁴/mm³)

15.9 (10.2–23.1)

16.8 (11.2–23.5)

12.3 (7.3–19.0)

 < 0.001

AKI-related variables (Day 1–3)

AKI

258/616 (41.9)

152/489 (31.1)

106/127 (83.5)

 < 0.001

AKI stage

 < 0.001

 0

358/616 (58.1)

337/489 (69.0)

21/127 (16.5)

–

 1

63/616 (20.4)

56/489 (11.5)

7/127 (5.5)

–

 2

57/616 (9.3)

53/489 (10.8)

4/127 (3.2)

–

 3

138/616 (22.4)

43/489 (8.8)

95/127 (74.8)

–

Primary site of infection

0.006

Lung

217/616 (35.2)

184/489 (37.6)

33/127 (26.0)

–

Urinary tract

99/616 (16.0)

82/489 (16.8)

17/127 (13.4)

–

Abdomen

184/616 (29.8)

143/489 (29.2)

41/127 (32.3)

–

Others

116/616 (18.8)

80/489 (16.4)

36/127 (28.4)

–

Blood purification therapy

Any BPT

127/614 (20.7)

–

127/127 (100.0)

–

Any CRRT

107/614 (17.4)

–

107/127 (84.3)

–

CRRT for renal indications

82/613 (13.4)

–

82/126 (65.1)

–

 Within 24 h

68/613 (11.1)

–

68/126 (54.0)

–

 Within 24 and 48 h

7/613 (1.1)

–

7/126 (5.6)

–

 After 48 h

7/613 (1.1)

–

7/126 (5.6)

–

CRRT for non-renal indications

33/612 (5.4)

–

33/127 (26.0)

–

 Within 24 h

32/612 (5.2)

–

32/127 (25.2)

–

 Within 24 and 48 h

0/612 (0.0)

–

0/127 (0.0)

–

 After 48 h

1/612 (0.2)

–

1/127 (0.8)

–

IRRT

28/611 (4.6)

–

28/126 (22.2)

–

 Within 24 h

8/611 (1.3)

–

8/126 (6.4)

–

 Within 24 and 48 h

4/611 (0.7)

–

4/126 (3.2)

–

 After 48 h

16/611 (2.6)

–

16/126 (12.7)

–

PMX-DHP

42/611 (6.9)

–

42/127 (33.1)

–

 Within 24 h

37/611 (6.1)

–

37/127 (29.1)

–

 Within 24 and 48 h

4/611 (0.7)

–

4/127 (3.2)

–

 After 48 h

1/611 (0.2)

–

1/127 (0.8)

–

Other therapies

Mechanical ventilation within 24 h

281/612 (54.1)

190/485 (39.2)

91/127 (71.7)

 < 0.001

Inotropes or vasopressors

312/610 (51.1)

220/484 (45.5)

92/126 (73.0)

 < 0.001

Antimicrobial therapy

590/596 (99.0)

471/473 (99.6)

119/123 (96.8)

0.005

Drainage or operation

221/612 (36.1)

168/486 (34.6)

53/126 (42.1)

0.119