Table 5 Detailed baseline characteristics of the patients

Age (year)

75.0 (65.0–83.0)

76.0 (66.0–84.0)

71.0 (63.0–81.0)

71.0 (61.0–82.0)

71.0 (61.0–80.0)

73.0 (60.0–84.0)

71.0 (60.0–78.5)

72.5 (62.0–79.0)

Male sex

379/616 (61.5)

297/489 (60.7)

82/127 (64.6)

69/107 (64.5)

54/82 (65.9)

12/33 (36.4)

24/28 (85.7)

25/42 (59.5)

Severity

APACHE II score (0–71)

20.0 (15.0–26.0)

19.0 (14.0–25.0)

25.0 (20.0–31.0)

25.0 (19.0–32.0)

25.0 (20.0–32.5)

21.0 (17.0–29.0)

26.0 (22.0–29.0)

26.0 (21.0–29.0)

SOFA score (0–24)

8.0 (5.0–11.0)

7.0 (5.0–10.0)

11.0 (8.0–14.0)

11.0 (8.0–14.0)

11.0 (8.0–14.0)

10.0 (9.0–11.0)

9.0 (8.0–12.0)

11.0 (9.0–14.0)

Comorbidity

Chronic kidney disease

61/616 (9.9)

29/489 (5.9)

32/127 (25.2)

25/107 (23.4)

23/82 (28.1)

3/33 (9.1)

16/28 (57.1)

4/42 (9.5)

Malignancy

71/616 (11.5)

49/489 (10.0)

22/127 (17.3)

19/107 (17.8)

16/82 (19.5)

3/33 (9.1)

2/28 (7.1)

11/42 (26.2)

Diabetes mellitus

176/616 (28.6)

137/489 (28.0)

39/127 (30.7)

33/107 (30.8)

25/82 (30.5)

10/33 (30.3)

12/28 (42.9)

7/42 (16.7)

Hepatic disease

22/616 (3.6)

15/489 (3.1)

7/127 (5.5)

6/107 (5.6)

5/82 (6.1)

1/33 (3.0)

1/28 (3.6)

2/42 (4.8)

Stroke

89/616 (14.5)

82/489 (16.8)

7/127 (5.5)

7/107 (6.5)

6/82 (7.3)

2/33 (6.1)

1/28 (3.6)

2/42 (4.8)

Heart failure (acute and/or chronic)

64/616 (10.4)

44/489 (9.0)

20/127 (15.8)

18/107 (16.8)

14/82 (17.1)

4/33 (12.1)

6/28 (21.4)

4/42 (9.5)

Collagen disease

32/616 (5.2)

26/489 (5.3)

6/127 (4.7)

5/107 (4.7)

4/82 (4.9)

2/33 (6.1)

0/28 (0.0)

1/42 (2.4)

Myocardial infarction (acute and/or old)

27/616 (4.4)

21/489 (4.3)

6/127 (4.7)

6/107 (5.6)

4/82 (4.9)

3/33 (9.1)

0/28 (0.0)

1/42 (2.4)

Gastroduodenal ulcer

27/616 (4.4)

22/489 (4.5)

5/127 (3.9)

0/107 (0.0)

2/82 (2.4)

2/33 (6.1)

3/28 (10.7)

1/42 (2.4)

Arterial disease

25/616 (4.1)

22/489 (4.5)

3/127 (2.4)

2/107 (1.9)

2/82 (2.4)

0/33 (0.0)

0/28 (0.0)

1/42 (2.4)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

22/616 (3.6)

21/489 (4.3)

1/127 (0.8)

1/107 (0.9)

1/82 (1.2)

1/33 (3.0)

1/28 (3.6)

1/42 (2.4)

Physiological variable (Day 1)

Worst GCS score

14.0 (9.0–15.0)

14.0 (10.0–15.0)

13.0 (8.0–15.0)

13.5 (8.0–15.0)

13.5 (8.0–15.0)

14.0 (6.0–14.0)

14.0 (10.0–15.0)

13.0 (8.0–14.0)

Worst heart rate (beats/min)

113.0 (95.0–128.0)

112.0 (96.0–127.0)

114.0 (92.0–130.0)

114.0 (92.0–130.0)

115.0 (95.0–135.0)

113.0 (89.0–120.0)

109.0 (79.5–130.0)

123.5 (98.0–141.0)

Worst mean arterial pressure (mmHg)

65.7 (53.7–82.5)

67.3 (56.0–84.7)

58.3 (46.0–72.7)

58.0 (45.0–68.7)

57.3 (43.0–68.3)

62.0 (49.3–73.3)

61.5 (51.3–77.5)

52.8 (41.3–64.0)

Lactate level (mg/dL)

25.2 (18.0–40.2)

24.3 (18.0–36.9)

34.2 (17.1–55.8)

34.2 (18.9–55.9)

34.2 (18.0–54.6)

38.0 (29.7–71.1)

36.0 (49.1–78.6)

38.0 (27.0–64.0)

PaO2:FiO2

232.5 (133.3–328.1)

236.8 (137.5–326.7)

206.1 (127.8–328.1)

230 (127.8–332.9)

198.5 (113.8–313.0)

262.4 (137.5–373.5)

112.4 (96.3–309.5)

186.8 (117.5–308.2)

Worst creatinine level (mg/dL)

1.2 (0.8–2.2)

1.1 (0.8–1.7)

2.9 (1.5–4.9)

2.7 (1.5–4.4)

3.1 (1.7–4.9)

1.7 (1.0–2.5)

2.3 (1.4–3.2)

2.2 (1.4–3.6)

Bilirubin level (mg/dL)

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

0.8 (0.6–1.3)

2.3 (2.0–2.6)

1.3 (1.4–3.6)

Platelet count (cells × 10⁴/mm³)

15.9 (10.2–23.1)

16.8 (11.2–23.5)

12.3 (7.3–19.0)

12.3 (7.2–19.0)

11.3 (6.8–18.2)

13.5 (9.6–27.7)

15.4 (9.1–21.5)

9.3 (5.5–18.2)

AKI-related variables (Day 1–3)

AKI

258/616 (41.9)

152/489 (31.1)

106/127 (83.5)

93/107 (86.9)

82/82 (100.0)

19/33 (57.6)

25/28 (89.3)

31/42 (73.8)

AKI stage

 0

358/616 (58.1)

337/489 (69.0)

21/127 (16.5)

14/107 (13.1)

0/82 (0.0)

14/33 (42.4)

3/28 (10.7)

11/42 (26.2)

 1

63/616 (20.4)

56/489 (11.5)

7/127 (5.5)

6/107 (5.6)

0/82 (0.0)

6/33 (18.2)

0/28 (0.0)

3/42 (7.1)

 2

57/616 (9.3)

53/489 (10.8)

4/127 (3.2)

2/107 (1.9)

0/82 (0.0)

2/33 (6.1)

1/28 (3.6)

2/42 (4.8)

 3

138/616 (22.4)

43/489 (8.8)

95/127 (74.8)

85/107 (79.4)

82/82 (100.0)

11/33 (33.3)

24/28 (85.7)

26/42 (61.9)

Primary site of infection

Lung

217/616 (35.2)

184/489 (37.6)

33/127 (26.0)

26/107 (24.3)

21/82 (25.6)

6/33 (18.2)

10/28 (35.7)

6/42 (14.3)

Urinary tract

99/616 (16.0)

82/489 (16.8)

17/127 (13.4)

12/107 (11.2)

8/82 (9.8)

5/33 (15.2)

4/28 (14.3)

8/42 (19.1)

Abdomen

184/616 (29.8)

143/489 (29.2)

41/127 (32.3)

37/107 (34.6)

26/82 (31.7)

16/33 (48.5)

6/28 (21.4)

19/42 (45.2)

Central nerve system

8/616 (1.3)

7/489 (1.4)

1/127 (0.8)

1/107 (0.9)

1/82 (1.2)

0/33 (0.0)

0/28 (0.0)

0/42 (0.0)

Soft tissue

44/616 (7.1)

30/489 (6.1)

14/127 (11.0)

11/107 (10.3)

8/82 (9.8)

3/33 (9.1)

6/28 (21.4)

4/42 (9.5)

Skeletal system

5/616 (0.8)

5/489 (1.0)

0/127 (0.0)

0/107 (0.0)

0/82 (0.0)

0/33 (0.0)

0/28 (0.0)

0/42 (0.0)

Wound

5/616 (0.8)

5/489 (1.0)

0/127 (0.0)

0/107 (0.0)

0/82 (0.0)

0/33 (0.0)

0/28 (0.0)

0/42 (0.0)

Intravascular catheter

11/616 (0.8)

5/489 (1.0)

6/127 (4.7)

5/107 (4.7)

4/82 (4.9)

1/33 (3.0)

0/28 (0.0)

2/42 (4.8)

Endocardium

3/616 (0.5)

2/489 (0.4)

1/127 (0.8)

1/107 (0.9)

1/82 (1.2)

0/33 (0.0)

0/28 (0.0)

0/42 (0.0)

Medical device

2/616 (0.3)

2/489 (0.4)

0/127 (0.0)

0/107 (0.0)

0/82 (0.0)

0/33 (0.0)

0/28 (0.0)

0/42 (0.0)

Others

15/616 (2.4)

8/489 (1.6)

7/127 (5.5)

7/107 (6.5)

7/82 (8.5)

1/33 (3.0)

1/28 (3.6)

1/42 (3.4)

Unknown

23/616 (3.7)

16/489 (3.3)

7/127 (5.5)

7/107 (6.5)

6/82 (7.3)

1/33 (3.0)

1/28 (3.6)

2/42 (4.8)

Blood purification therapy

Any BPT

127/614 (20.7)

–

127/127 (100.0)

107/107 (100.0)

82/82 (100.0)

32/32 (100.0)

28/28 (100.0)

42/42 (100.0)

Any CRRT

107/614 (17.4)

–

107/127 (84.3)

107/107 (100.0)

82/82 (100.0)

32/32 (100.0)

15/28 (53.6)

32/42 (76.2)

CRRT for renal indications

82/613 (13.4)

–

82/126 (65.1)

82/106 (77.4)

82/82 (100.0)

8/32 (25.0)

14/28 (50.0)

25/41 (58.5)

 Within 24 h

68/613 (11.1)

–

68/126 (54.0)

68/106 (64.2)

68/82 (82.9)

5/32 (15.6)

12/28 (42.9)

19/41 (46.3)

 Within 24 and 48 h

7/613 (1.1)

–

7/126 (5.6)

7/106 (6.6)

7/82 (8.5)

1/32 (3.1)

2/28 (7.1)

4/41 (9.8)

 After 48 h

7/613 (1.1)

–

7/126 (5.6)

7/106 (6.6)

7/82 (8.5)

2/32 (6.3)

0/28 (0.0)

1/41 (2.4)

CRRT for non-renal indications

33/612 (5.4)

–

33/127 (26.0)

33/107 (30.8)

8/82 (9.8)

33/33 (100.0)

4/28 (14.3)

11/42 (26.2)

 Within 24 h

32/612 (5.2)

–

32/127 (25.2)

32/107 (29.9)

8/82 (9.8)

32/33 (97.0)

4/28 (14.3)

11/42 (26.2)

 Within 24 and 48 h

0/612 (0.0)

–

0/127 (0.0)

0/107 (0.0)

0/82 (0.0)

0/33 (0.0)

0/28 (0.0)

0/42 (0.0)

 After 48 h

1/612 (0.2)

–

1/127 (0.8)

1/107 (0.9)

0/82 (0.0)

1/33 (3.0)

0/28 (0.0)

0/42 (0.0)

IRRT

28/611 (4.6)

–

28/126 (22.2)

15/106 (14.2)

14/81 (17.3)

4/33 (12.1)

28/28 (100.0)

6/41 (14.6)

 Within 24 h

8/611 (1.3)

–

8/126 (6.4)

2/106 (1.9)

1/81 (1.2)

1/33 (3.0)

8/28 (28.6)

3/41 (7.3)

 Within 24 and 48 h

4/611 (0.7)

–

4/126 (3.2)

1/106 (0.9)

1/81 (1.2)

1/33 (3.0)

4/28 (14.3)

1/44 (2.4)

 After 48 h

16/611 (2.6)

–

16/126 (12.7)

12/106 (11.3)

12/81 (14.8)

2/33 (6.1)

16/28 (57.1)

2/41 (4.9)

PMX-DHP

42/611 (6.9)

–

42/127 (33.1)

32/107 (29.9)

24/82 (29.3)

11/33 (33.3)

6/28 (21.4)

42/42 (100.0)

 Within 24 h

37/611 (6.1)

–

37/127 (29.1)

29/107 (27.1)

21/82 (25.6)

11/33 (33.3)

6/28 (21.4)

37/42 (88.1)

 Within 24 and 48 h

4/611 (0.7)

–

4/127 (3.2)

2/107 (1.9)

2/82 (2.4)

0/33 (0.0)

0/28 (0.0)

4/42 (9.5)

 After 48 h

1/611 (0.2)

–

1/127 (0.8)

1/107 (0.9)

1/82 (1.2)

0/33 (0.0)

0/28 (0.0)

1/42 (2.4)

Other therapies

Mechanical ventilation within 24 h

281/612 (54.1)

190/485 (39.2)

91/127 (71.7)

79/107 (73.8)

59/82 (72.0)

28/33 (84.9)

19/28 (67.9)

31/42 (73.8)

Inotropes or vasopressors

312/610 (51.1)

220/484 (45.5)

92/126 (73.0)

81/106 (76.4)

63/81 (77.8)

26/33 (78.8)

17/28 (60.7)

31/41 (75.6)

Antimicrobial therapy

590/596 (99.0)

471/473 (99.6)

119/123 (96.8)

100/104 (96.2)

76/80 (95.0)

31/32 (96.9)

27/27 (100.0)

41/41 (100.0)

Drainage or operation

221/612 (36.1)

168/486 (34.6)

53/126 (42.1)

47/106 (44.3)

32/81 (39.5)

21/33 (63.6)

10/28 (35.7)

22/42 (52.4)