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Table 2 Comparison of time-course change in levels of metabolites between HD starvation and fasting starvation

From: An increase in circulating levels of branched-chain amino acids during hemodialysis with regard to protein breakdown: three case reports

Metabolite and related pathway

HD starvation

Fasting starvation

References regarding fasting starvation

Blood glucose

 → 

↓

 

Start of change

1 h

20–36 h

 

Blood insulin

↓

↓

Owen [16]

Blood BCAA

↑

↑

Felig [18], Owen [16], Schauder [19]

Blood ketone bodies

↑

↑

Owen [16], Watford [17]

Hepatic glycogen

 → 

↓

Watford [17]

Blood alanine

 → 

↓

Felig [18]

Gluconeogenesis

 → 

↑

Felig [18], Watford [17]

  1. The behaviors in lower three rows indicate difference of the liver status between two kind of starvation. In the right column, literatures referring to fasting starvation are depicted