Table 1 Case reports and case series of IJV thrombosis or thrombophlebitis associated with CVC insertion
Authors | Publication year | Country | Number of patients | Age (years) | Sex (M/F) | Catheter type | Insertion site | Thrombus location | Symptoms | Bloodstream infection | Associated factors | Treatment | Complications | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Harter et al | 2002 | Germany | 4/233 | 40–64 | all F | CVC | IJV | IJV | Erythema (122/233) and edema/purulence (10/233) at entry site | Only one case | Malignancy | Not describe | None | 12 |
Leon et al | 2006 | USA | 1 | 49 | M | CVC | Right IJV | Right IJV | low grade fever, right-sided neck swelling and erythema, mandibular pain, and limitation of mouth opening | + | Testicular neoplasm | Antibiotics and surgical intervention | Thrombophlebitis | 13 |
Lee et al | 2006 | USA | 1 | 25 | M | HD catheter (tunneled catheter) | Right IJV (previous left IJV catheter placement) | Right IJV, left subclavian vein, innominate vein and SVC | Left-sided neck and arm pain and swelling | − | ESRD | Intravenous anticoagulation, antibiotics and thrombectomy | Chylous pericardium | 14 |
Pratap et al | 2007 | India | 1 | 68 | M | HD catheter | Right IJV | Right IJV, subclavian vein and SVC | Fever and right-sided neck welling | − | ESRD and multiple myeloma | LMWH and warfarin | None | 15 |
Saranteas et al | 2009 | Greece | 1 | 30 | M | CVC | Right IJV | Right IJV, brachiocephalic vein, and persistent left SVC | No symptom | − | Multiple trauma | Heparin | – | 16 |
Di Cocco et al | 2010 | Italy | 1 | 52 | F | CVC | Right IJV | Right IJV and SVC | Swelling of her face, upper chest, and arms, and distended veins over her chest wall | − | APS | LMWH (90 U/kg every 12 h), warfarin (target PT-INR value 2.0–3.0, 6-month treatment course planned) | SVC syndrome | 17 |
Smith et al | 2012 | USA | 1 | 58 | F | HD catheter (tunneled catheter) | Right IJV | Right IJV and sigmoid sinus | Headache and neck pain | – | ESRD | Heparin (weight-based protocol) and warfarin | None | 18 |
Minami et al | 2012 | Japan | 1 | 76 | F | CVC | Right IJV | Right IJV | No symptom (external jugular vein dilatation) | − | Prone position | Catheter removal only | None | 19 |
Caccese et al | 2012 | Italy | 1 | 68 | M | CVC | Right IJV | Right IJV and subclavian vein | Fever | + | Multiple trauma | Antifungal therapy and debridement of right IJV | Thrombophlebitis | 10 |
Binnani et al | 2012 | India | 1 | 21 | M | HD catheter | Right IJV | Right IJV and dural sinus | Fever, right-sided neck swelling, and generalized weakness | − | – | Heparin, antibiotics, thrombectomy and craniotomy | Hemorrhagic cerebral venous infarct | 20 |
Hagiya et al | 2013 | Japan | 1 | 85 | F | CVC | Right IJV | RIGHT IJV and SVC | Fever and edema of right upper extremity | + | – | Antifungal therapy | Thrombophlebitis | 11 |
Ma et al | 2019 | China | 1 | 66 | M | CVC | Right IJV | Right IJV | Slight painful swelling of his neck | − | CVC malposition | LMWH (weight-adjusted doses) and rivaroxaban (long-term) | None | 21 |