Hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factors in chronic kidney disease

Table 1 Noncanonical HIF regulation in the kidney

Cell type	Regulators	Principal changes
Tubular epithelial cell	Indoxyl sulfate [78]	HIF-1 transactivation activity ↓
	CEBPD [47]	HIF-1α mRNA ↑
	TGF-β1/Smad3/mTORC1 [95, 96]	HIF-1α protein ↑
EPO-producing cell	IRP1 [50]	HIF-2α protein ↓
Endothelial cell	LPS/NF-κB [97]	HIF-2α mRNA ↑
Mesangial cell	TGF-β1/Smad3/mTORC1 [98, 99]	HIF-1α protein ↑

HIF hypoxia-inducible factor, CEBPD CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ, TGF-β1 transforming growth factor-β1, Smad3 mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3, mTORC1 mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, EPO erythropoietin, IRP1 iron regulatory protein 1, LPS lipopolysaccharide, NF-κB nuclear factor-κB

ISSN: 2059-1381