Table 1 Factors affecting insulin resistance

1. Anemia

2. PTH

3. 1,25-(OH)₂ vitamin D3

4. Protein/keto-acid analog

5. Guanidino substrates

6. Exercise

7. Acidemia

8. Dyslipidemia

9. Chronic inflammation (adipocytokine, adiponectin)

10. Aldosterone and angiotensin II

11. FGF-23

12. Gastrointestinal polypeptide (ghrelin)

13. Others (uremic toxin, p-cresyl sulfate)