|
Parameter
|
Mean ± SE
|
Time* (p value)
|
Repeated measures ANOVA† (p value)
|
|---|
|
Baseline
|
12 weeks
|
|---|
|
Kt/V
|
|
ES
|
1.3 ± 0.0
|
1.5 ± 0.0
|
0.01
|
Group 0.04
|
|
EX
|
1.3 ± 0.0
|
1.5 ± 0.0
|
0.02
|
Time 0.01
|
|
SED
|
1.3 ± 0.0
|
1.3 ± 0.0
|
0.47
|
Interaction 0.65
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.23
|
0.04
| |
|
BUN (mg/dl)
|
|
ES
|
6.7 ± 0.3
|
5.5 ± 0.1
|
0.35
|
Group 0.93
|
|
EX
|
5.5 ± 0.1
|
5.0 ± 0.3
|
0.58
|
Time 0.49
|
|
SED
|
6.2 ± 0.5
|
6.3 ± 0.8
|
0.33
|
Interaction 0.95
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.977
|
0.908
| |
|
Phosphorus (mg/dl)
|
|
ES
|
6.0 ± 0.0
|
4.7 ± 0.1
|
0.04
|
Group 0.04
|
|
EX
|
5.3 ± 0.1
|
5.1 ± 0.1
|
0.52
|
Time 0.04
|
|
SED
|
4.7 ± 0.1
|
5.4 ± 0.1
|
0.50
|
Interaction 0.43
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.39
|
0.59
| |
|
Potassium (mEq/l)
|
|
ES
|
5.3 ± 0.1
|
5.0 ± 0.0
|
0.08
|
Group 0.93
|
|
EX
|
4.8 ± 0.1
|
4.6 ± 0.2
|
0.88
|
Time 0.74
|
|
SED
|
4.7 ± 0.1
|
4.8 ± 0.1
|
0.96
|
Interaction 0.63
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.55
|
0.59
| |
|
Alb (g/dl)
|
|
ES
|
3.6 ± 0.0
|
3.5 ± 0.0
|
0.58
|
Group 0.72
|
|
EX
|
3.4 ± 0.1
|
3.5 ± 0.0
|
0.55
|
Time 0.95
|
|
SED
|
3.6 ± 0.0
|
3.6 ± 0.0
|
0.80
|
Interaction 0.07
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.69
|
0.91
| |
|
Hb (g/dl)
|
|
ES
|
10.4 ± 0.1
|
10.3 ± 0.1
|
0.91
|
Group 0.21
|
|
EX
|
10.8 ± 0.1
|
10.3 ± 0.1
|
0.41
|
Time 0.49
|
|
SED
|
11.0 ± 0.1
|
11.0 ± 0.1
|
0.91
|
Interaction 0.77
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.766
|
0.309
| |
|
Fer (ng/ml)
|
|
ES
|
118.9 ± 11.9
|
181.4 ± 15.9
|
0.24
|
Group 0.10
|
|
EX
|
133.7 ± 11.9
|
179.3 ± 17.4
|
0.11
|
Time 0.07
|
|
SED
|
84.5 ± 3.8
|
91.1 ± 6.1
|
0.79
|
Interaction 0.43
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.43
|
0.20
| |
|
TSAT (%)
|
|
ES
|
22.6 ± 0.5
|
24.7 ± 0.8
|
0.48
|
Group 0.09
|
|
EX
|
21.9 ± 0.5
|
24.8 ± 0.6
|
0.50
|
Time 0.07
|
|
SED
|
23.5 ± 0.9
|
26.5 ± 1.0
|
0.53
|
Interaction 0.43
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.90
|
0.89
| |
|
HDL-C (mg/dl)
|
|
ES
|
50.6 ± 1.1
|
47.9 ± 0.7
|
0.03
|
Group 0.16
|
|
EX
|
43.2 ± 0.8
|
45.1 ± 1.2
|
0.03
|
Time 0.04
|
|
SED
|
43.2 ± 1.3
|
43.4 ± 1.1
|
0.13
|
Interaction 0.69
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.27
|
0.47
| |
|
LDL-C/HDL-C
|
|
ES
|
1.8 ± 0.1
|
1.9 ± 0.1
|
0.39
|
Group 0.52
|
|
EX
|
2.0 ± 0.1
|
2.0 ± 0.1
|
0.58
|
Time 0.22
|
|
SED
|
2.1 ± 0.0
|
2.2 ± 0.1
|
0.37
|
Interaction 0.87
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.51
|
0.79
| |
|
CRP (mg/dl)
|
|
ES
|
0.4 ± 0.1
|
0.3 ± 0.1
|
0.47
|
Group 0.41
|
|
EX
|
0.7 ± 0.1
|
0.4 ± 0.1
|
0.04
|
Time 0.04
|
|
SED
|
0.2 ± 0.0
|
0.2 ± 0.0
|
0.70
|
Interaction 0.75
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.46
|
0.80
| |
|
IL-6 (pg/mL)
|
|
ES
|
6.7 ± 0.2
|
6.9 ± 0.5
|
0.89
|
Group 0.61
|
|
EX
|
4.4 ± 0.2
|
4.6 ± 0.2
|
0.48
|
Time 0.25
|
|
SED
|
5.4 ± 0.3
|
6.5 ± 0.4
|
0.14
|
Interaction 0.93
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.38
|
0.55
| |
|
TNF-α (pg/ml)
|
|
ES
|
6.7 ± 0.3
|
4.5 ± 0.1
|
0.04
|
Group 0.23
|
|
EX
|
6.5 ± 1.0
|
7.0 ± 0.3
|
0.04
|
Time 0.04
|
|
SED
|
6.2 ± 0.5
|
9.3 ± 0.8
|
0.03
|
Interaction 0.32
|
|
Group‡ (p value)
|
0.40
|
0.03
| |
- ES electrical stimulation, EX exercise, SED control, SE standard error, ANOVA analysis of variance, MPQ muscular power of the quadriceps, WBI weight bearing index, ES electrical stimulation, EX exercise, SED control, SE standard error, ANOVA analysis of variance, Kt/V hemodialysis efficiency, BUN blood urea nitrogen, Alb albumin, Hb hemoglobin, Fer ferritin, TSAT transferrin saturation, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, CRP C-reactive protein, IL6 interleukin-6, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha
- *Time-related differences within each group analyzed via post hoc test was completed for variables with a significant difference depending on their parameters (Tukey-Kramer or Scheffé procedures). Greenhouse-Geisser correction was applied as Mauchly’s test of sphericity was not met pairwise
- †Main effects (time and group) and interaction effect (time by group) analyzed via two-way repeated measures ANOVA
- ‡Group comparisons within each time point analyzed via post hoc test
