Table 1 Circulating biomarkers of oxidative stress

Lipids

• Malondialdehyde (MDA)

• Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)

• Lipid hydroperoxides

• Advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs)

• Cholesteryl ethers

• 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE)

Arachidonic acid derivatives

• F₂-isoprostane

• Isolevuglandins

• Isofurans

Carbohydrates

• Reactive aldehydes

• Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs)

Amino acids

• Cysteine

• Homocysteine

• Nitrotyrosine

• Chlorotyrosine

• Isoaspartate

• Carboxymethyl lysine

Proteins

• Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs)

• Protein thiols oxidation

• Carbonyl formation

• Amine oxidation

Nucleic acids

• 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG)

• 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG)