Table 2 Summary of clinical studies on antioxidant therapies
Study [year] | Intervention (dosage) | Subjects (study length) | Effect |
|---|---|---|---|
N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) | |||
 Tepel et al. [83] [2003] | Acetylcysteine (600 mg twice per day) | 134 HD patients (2 years) | a) Ischemic stroke reduced by 36% b) Cardiac events reduced by 30% |
 Nolin et al. [84] [2010] | Sustained-release NAC (600 mg or 1200 mg twice per day for 14 days) | 24 ESRD patients | Significant reduction in total homocysteine plasma concentrations |
Vitamins C and E | |||
 Boaz et al. [88] (SPACE study) [2000] | High-dose α-tocopherol (800 IU daily) | 196 HD patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (median 519 days) | a) Significant reduction in myocardial infarctions and other cardiovascular events b) No significant difference in overall survival |
 Tarng et al. [91] [2004] | Vitamin C (300 mg thrice weekly for 8 weeks) | 60 HD patients | Significant decrease in mean 8-OH-dG levels |
 Morimoto et al. [85] [2005] | Vitamin E-coated polysulfone membrane (18 months) | 31 HD patients | Significant reduction in ADMA, ox-LDL and MDA-LDL levels compared to baseline |
 Nanayakkara et al. [89] (ATIC study) [2007] | Regimen of pravastatin, vitamin E and homocysteine-lowering therapy | 93 patients with eGFR < 38 ± 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 (2 years) | a) Significant reduction in common carotid intima-thickness and albuminuria b) No effect observed in renal function |
 Takouli et al. [90] [2010] | Vitamin E-coated cellulose acetate membrane (3 months) | 9 HD patients | a) Significant decrease in Hs-CRP, d-ROMs and IL-6 levels b) Significant increase in total antioxidant capacity and SOD levels |