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・Renal insufficiency
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・Hypercalcemia
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・Hyperphosphatemia
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・Hyperparathyroidism (both primary and secondary)
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・Over-suppression of i-PTH with adynamic bone disease
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・Vitamin K deficiency
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・Female sex
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・Obesity
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・Diabetes mellitus
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・Hypoalbuminemia
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・Rapid weight loss
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・Thrombophilia (e.g., antithrombin III deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, or lupus anticoagulant)
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・Skin trauma (e.g., from subcutaneous injections)
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・Medications (e.g., warfarin, VDRA, calcium carbonate, corticosteroids, and recombinant PTH)
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