Table 2 Role of Palliative Rehabilitation in persons with End-Stage CKD not on RRT

Improvement/Maintenance of ADLs and physical function

Physiotherapy [5−9, 15]: aerobic exercise, resistive exercise

Occupational Therapy [5−9]: resistive exercise, task training, energy conservation techniques, prescription of aids, appliances and equipment, caregiver training

Pain control

Physiotherapy [24]: Stretching of muscles, passive ranging of joints, proper posture positioning, manual therapy, application of physical modalities (e.g. thermal therapy)

Psychotherapy e.g. Cognitive behavioural therapy

Pharmacotherapy

Fatigue

Physiotherapy [15, 16]: aerobic exercise, resistive exercise

Occupational Therapy: energy conservation techniques

Pharmacotherapy

Mood and mental wellness

Physiotherapy [10]: aerobic exercise

Occupational Therapy: improved mental wellness (e.g. Self-esteem) through functional independence

Psychotherapy

Pharmacotherapy

Sleep management

Physiotherapy [17, 18]: aerobic exercise (cycling, walking, jogging, elliptical machine), resistive exercise

Pharmacotherapy [19, 20]: melatonin, tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, anxiolytics

Prescription of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for obstructive sleep apnoea [19, 20]

Psychotherapy [20]: cognitive behavioural therapy, relaxation training

Complementary and alternative medicine [22, 23]: acupressure

Goal setting

Establishing patient-centric goals within context [29, 30] (e.g. extent of disease, prognosis)

Advance care planning