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Association between chronic kidney disease and physical activity level in patients with ischemic heart disease

Renal Replacement Therapy volume 3, Article number: 28 (2017) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Although it is believed that chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) negatively affects physical activity after discharge, its actual influence on the physical activity of patients with IHD remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between CKD and the acquirement of appropriate physical activity after hospital discharge in patients with IHD.

Methods

Subjects were 245 patients with IHD (65 ± 11 years, 203 males) admitted to Kitasato University Hospital from July 2007 to January 2014 due to unstable angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction. Appropriate physical activity was defined according to the American Heart Association/the American College of Cardiology guidelines, which recommend ≥150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous activity. We assessed intervention for IHD, comorbidities, smoking habits, serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), left ventricular ejection fraction, duration of hospital stay, 6-min walk distance during hospitalization, and physical activity 3 months after discharge. Patients with eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and 15 ≤ eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were diagnosed with stage G1-G2 CKD and stage G3-G4 CKD, respectively.

Results

Only 87 patients (35.5%) achieved appropriate levels of physical activity. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis identified stage G3-G4 CKD (odds ratio, 1.91; 95%CI, 1.02–3.55; P = 0.04) and a 6-min walk distance <400 m (odds ratio, 17.8; 95%CI, 4.16–76.6; P < 0.001) as significant independent factors that hinder acquiring appropriate physical activity.

Conclusions

Stage G3-G4 CKD was associated with poor acquirement of appropriate physical activity after hospital discharge in patients with IHD.

Background

Increased physical activity reduces cardiovascular mortality risk in general populations [1]. Furthermore, recent meta-analyses revealed that the physically active had a 20–50% less risk of coronary heart disease than the physically inactive [2, 3]. The American Heart Association (AHA) presented seven impact goals for maintaining healthy cardiovascular conditions in all adults that included a physically active lifestyle and management of cholesterol, blood pressure, blood sugar, smoking status, weight, and diet [4]. The lifestyle management guidelines published by the AHA and the American College of Cardiology (ACC) in 2013 stated that physical activity of moderate-to-vigorous intensity for at least 150 min a week is appropriate for obtaining a variety of health benefits [5]. In addition, maintaining a physically active lifestyle is important for both primary and secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Many patients with IHD, however, tend to have poor physical activity after hospital discharge [6]. Increased physical activity also provides a large variety of health benefits to chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients [7, 8]. However, previous studies reported that the majority of CKD patients were physically inactive in their daily living [7, 9, 10]. Although it is believed that CKD in patients with IHD negatively affects physical activity after discharge, its actual influence on the physical activity of patients with IHD remains unclear.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between CKD and the acquirement of appropriate physical activity after hospital discharge in patients with IHD.

Methods

Study population

This study was approved by the Kitasato University Hospital Research Ethic Committee. After receiving an explanation of the study purpose and protocol, all patients gave their informed consent.

Subjects were 245 patients with IHD admitted to Kitasato University Hospital from July 2007 to January 2014 due to unstable angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction and underwent cardiac rehabilitation during hospitalization. The patients included 203 men and 42 women (mean age, 65 years; range, 31 to 86 years). Of the 245 patients, 54 (22.0%) received coronary artery bypass graft surgery and 191 (78.0%) received percutaneous coronary intervention. All patients were successfully treated for coronary artery reperfusion and experienced no myocardial ischemia, as determined by electrocardiograph changes or chest pain after hospital discharge. Patients were excluded from the study if they received maintenance hemodialysis therapy (stage 5D) or needed any assistance with walking, occurred with heart failure, and refused to be measured the physical activity at 3 months after hospital discharge. Because the health benefits of increased physical activity are unclear in patients with stage G5 CKD who are not on hemodialysis and medical staffs did not educate and enhance them to participate in exercise aggressively in contrast to patients with stages G1-G4 CKD and 5D, the patients with stage G5 CKD were also excluded.

Clinical characteristics

Patient information on age, gender, height, employment, intervention for IHD, smoking habits, and comorbid conditions such as cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, orthopedic disorder, or diabetes mellitus were collected from medical records or by interview at study entry. Body weight, body mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction on an echocardiogram, ankle-brachial index, and duration of hospital stay, were determined at hospital discharge. We measured blood hemoglobin and serum levels of albumin, creatine kinase, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and assessed the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) after admission. The parameter of eGFR was re-assessed at 3 months after hospital discharge, and the difference in eGFR between at baseline and 3 months was calculated. Peak creatine kinase levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction were also confirmed during hospitalization. In patients with diabetes, HbA1c levels were investigated at hospital discharge. Peripheral arterial disease was assessed using an ankle-brachial index (Form PWV/ABI, Omron Colin, Tokyo, Japan). Patients with an eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2, 15–60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 were diagnosed with stage G1-G2 CKD, stage G3-G4 CKD, and stage G5 CKD, respectively.

Exercise capacity

Six-minute walk distance was measured at hospital discharge and 3 months as an indicator of exercise capacity, in accordance with guidelines established by the American Thoracic Society [11]. The difference in 6-min walk distance between at baseline and 3 months was calculated. After patients received a detailed explanation of the procedure from a physical therapist, they were instructed to walk as fast and long as possible along a 30-m walkway marked at 1-m intervals. Patients were allowed to stop and rest or reduce their walking speed if they felt shortness of breath or fatigue. The physical therapist encouraged patients during the test (e.g., “you are doing well”, “keep up the good work”). Measurement was suspended if patients experienced chest pain, dyspnea, leg cramps, hyperhidrosis, cyanosis, or facial pallor during the test. The Society of Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders defined individuals with 6-min walk distance <400 m as having reduced physical activity [12]. In the present study, 6-min walk distance ≥400 m was adopted as an appropriate level of exercise capacity for patients with IHD.

Physical activity

Physical activity was assessed using an accelerometer (Lifecorder; Suzuken, Nagoya, Japan) 3 months after hospital discharge. The accelerometer was worn at the waist for 7 days, except during bathing and sleeping, to record vertical acceleration of the body and number of steps. Instrument accuracy and reliability was confirmed in previous study [13]. Vertical vector magnitude was analyzed every 2 min and then digitally divided into 11 grades of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 to 9.0, with a lower grade indicating lower intensity of physical activity. Briefly, grades <3.0, 4.0–6.0, and >7.0 corresponded to physical activity at light (1.8–2.9 Mets), moderate (3.6–5.2 Mets), and vigorous (>6.1 Mets) intensity, respectively [14]. According to the AHA/ACC guidelines, adults should engage in physical activity at moderate-to-vigorous intensity, such as brisk walking, for at least 150 min a week [5]. To evaluate this activity, the time patients spent moving at moderate-to-vigorous intensity per week was aggregated. An aggregated time ≥150 min/week was defined as appropriate physical activity. In addition to time spent moving per week, the number of steps per day was also counted for physical activity.

Statistical analysis

The chi-square test or unpaired t test was used to compare differences in patient characteristics, 6-min walk distance, and physical activity between patients with stage G1-G2 CKD and patients with stage G3-G4 CKD. In comparison of physical activity levels between the two groups, the patients were stratified by age (<65 years or ≥65 years. Additionally, after we selected the active patients with higher frequency of attendance to ambulant cardiac rehabilitation (≥1.1 time per week) [15] from our study participants, we evaluated the differences in patient characteristics, renal function, and exercise capacity of the active participants. To evaluate whether CKD disrupted acquirement of appropriate physical activity after hospital discharge, a stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using CKD stage, age, sex, body mass index, employment, intervention for IHD, comorbid conditions, smoking habits, blood hemoglobin, serum albumin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, left ventricular ejection fraction, duration of hospital stay and 6-min walk distance as exploratory variables, with physical activity as a dependent variable. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or a percentage, with a P value less than 0.05 considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 22.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA).

Results

Clinical characteristics and exercise capacity

Clinical characteristics and exercise capacity are summarized in Table 1. Patients with stage G3-G4 CKD were significantly older compared to those with stage G1-G2 CKD (P < 0.001), while the ratio of patients who were unemployed or had a smoking history were significantly higher (P = 0.002 and P = 0.007, respectively). Blood hemoglobin, eGFR, and left ventricular ejection fraction were significantly lower in patients with stage G3-G4 CKD (P = 0.008, P < 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively), and their duration at the hospital was significantly longer (P = 0.04). The 6-min walk distance was 465 ± 101 m for all patients, 470 ± 104 m for patients with stage G1-G2 CKD, and 459 ± 98 m for patients with stage G3-G4 CKD. There was no significant difference in 6-min walk distance between patients with stage G1-G2 CKD and those with stage G3-G4 CKD.

Table 1 Clinical characteristics and exercise capacity
Full size table

Physical activity

Physical activity after hospital discharge is shown in Fig. 1. The number of steps and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were significantly lower in patients with stage G3-G4 CKD than in those with stage G1-G2 CKD (P = 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). Of the 245 patients, 87 patients (35.5%) acquired appropriate physical activity, that is, 29 (25.4%) among patients with stage G3-G4 CKD and 58 (44.3%) among those with stage G1-G2 CKD. The ratio was significantly lower in stage G3-G4 CKD than in stage G1-G2 CKD (P = 0.002). Although the significant associations of CKD stage with acquirement rate of appropriate physical activity and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were seen in patients aged 65 years and older, there was no association between CKD stage and physical activity levels in patients aged 64 years or younger.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Physical activity after hospital discharge in patients with ischemic heart disease

Full size image

Logistic regression analyses

The results of univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses are presented in Table 2. In the univariate logistic regression analysis, stage G3-G4 CKD, an older age, female gender, unemployment, lower blood hemoglobin and albumin levels, longer duration of hospital stay, and a 6-min walk distance <400 m significantly contributed to reduced physical activity. Stepwise multivariate analysis identified stage G3-G4 CKD (odds ratio, 1.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–3.55; P = 0.04) and a 6-min walk distance <400 m (odds ratio, 17.8; 95% confidence interval, 4.16–76.6; P < 0.001) as significant independent factors that hinder acquiring appropriate physical activity.

Table 2 The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses
Full size table

Changes in renal function and exercise capacity

Table 3 shows change in renal function and exercise capacity between patients with stage G1-G2 CKD and G3-G4 CKD. In patients with stages G3-G4, eGFR was significantly increased after 3 months (P = 0.03). On the other hand, Δ6-min walk distance was significantly higher in patients with stage G1-G2 CKD than stage G3-G4 CKD, although clinical significant improvement of 6-min walk distance was seen in patients with stage G3-G4 CKD.

Table 3 Changes in renal function and exercise capacity
Full size table

Table 4 summarizes baseline characteristics and change in renal function and exercise capacity from hospital discharge to 3 months in active and non-active participants. In active participants, eGFR and 6-min walk distance improved, (eGFR 58.8 ± 20.6 to 61.8 ± 17.2 mL/min/1.73 m2, Δ +4.77 mL/min/1.73 m2, 6-min walk distance 451.8 ± 85.3 to 511.9 ± 88.1 m, Δ +60.1 m).

Table 4 Baseline characteristics and changes in renal function and exercise capacity between active and non-active participants
Full size table

Discussion

The present study demonstrated that CKD in patients with IHD prevented the achievement of appropriate physical activity after hospital discharge. In particular, having stage G3-G4 CKD was a significant independent limiting factor. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the association between CKD and objectively measured physical activity level in patients with IHD.

Many studies have reported that increased physical activity reduces cardiovascular risk and all-cause mortality risk in general populations [1,2,3] or in patients with end-stage renal disease [16]. Wannamethee et al. also reported that maintaining a physically active lifestyle could decrease the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with IHD [17]. Although it was formerly believed that increasing physical activity worsened renal function in patients with CKD via reduced renal blood flow, recent studies have shown beneficial effects on not only exercise capacity [18, 19] but also renal function [8, 15]. In our data, the patients with higher frequency of attendance to our cardiac rehabilitation program experienced an improvement of renal function as previously reported [15]. A prospective cohort study demonstrated that increasing physical activity delayed the deterioration of renal function in patients with stage G3-G4 CKD [8]. Furthermore, recent study reported that an aerobic exercise program was safely performed by patients with IHD who have CKD and improved their eGFR [15]. Maintaining a physically active lifestyle is therefore considered necessary for the secondary prevention of IHD after discharge in patients who also have CKD.

We found that stage G3-G4 CKD decreased moderate-to-vigorous physical activity after hospital discharge in patients with IHD. Many studies have reported that both patients on hemodialysis [20] and those with stage G3-G4 CKD have poor physical activity [7, 9, 10], supporting our findings. Three possible reasons may explain the relationship between CKD and physical inactivity. First, anemia is a frequent and inevitable complication of CKD that is detected even in early stages of CKD. Because anemia decreases oxygen delivery to skeletal muscles, patients with anemia might fatigue easily during moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, leading to their inactivity. Second, peripheral arterial disease is a major complication in patients with CKD. Some epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease is significantly higher in non-hemodialytic patients with stage G3-G5 CKD than in patients with stage G1-G2 CKD [21, 22]. Ischemic symptoms such as muscle pain or lower extremity discomfort, which are induced by walking and remitted by rest, could hinder increasing physical activity in patients with stage G3-G4 CKD. Finally, depressive symptoms are known to attenuate the urge to leave the home, resulting in physical inactivity for CKD patients [23]. In a previous study surveying approximately 6000 community-dwelling elderly, patients with stage G3-G5 CKD had double the risk of depression compared to those with stage G1-G2 CKD [24]. On the basis of these reasons, stage G3-G4 CKD may hinder acquiring appropriate physical activity after discharge.

Goal-setting of physical activity is well known as one of the most popular techniques to promote in people with chronic illnesses [25, 26]. A meta-analysis, which investigated the effectiveness of pedometer-used intervention on physical activity in community-dwelling people, concluded that setting a physical activity goal is a key motivational factor for increasing physical activity and is absolutely essential for successful intervention [27], and the same intervention successfully increased physical activity levels in CKD patients [28]. Chase JA et al. systematically reviewed what interventions were helpful in maintaining physical activity in cardiac patients, and suggested the self-monitoring with a pedometer, promoting during clinic visits, and objective feedback [29]. In addition to these approaches, we should promote for cardiac patients to participate in cardiac rehabilitation program more to rebuild self-confidence to exercise.

There are some limitations to the present study. First, the study showed significant differences in age, the ratio of patients who were unemployed or had a smoking history, blood hemoglobin, left ventricular ejection fraction, and duration of hospital stay between patients with stage G1-G2 CKD and those with stage G3-G4 CKD. Therefore, we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess the significant independent effects of stage G3-G4 CKD on physical activity. Consequently, stage G3-G4 CKD was identified as the significant independent factor in the present study. Second, although we considered the effect of clinical characteristics to the extent possible, an effect of albuminuria on physical activity in our patients was not elucidated. Albuminuria is a well-known symptom for CKD patients, and a recent study showed a positive correlation between with albuminuria and frailty or sarcopenia in community-dwelling people [30, 31]. Therefore, albuminuria could disrupt the acquirement of appropriate physical activity after hospital discharge among the patients with IHD. In addition, we will consider the prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with CKD. Sarcopenia would be associated with low physical activity and exercise tolerance and deterioration of renal function. Third, although an aggregated time ≥150 min/week at moderate-to-vigorous intensity was defined as appropriate physical activity in our study according to AHA/ACC guideline, it would be still controversial whether engaging in the physical activity level for Japanese patients with IHD or CKD to have a role in secondary prevention. Fourth, because we studied patients who could be followed up for more than 3 months after hospital discharge, they likely also had better compliance with treatment than patients who dropped out of the study during the follow-up period. If the study included the dropout patients, physical activity after discharge may have been much lower. Although we showed that stage G3-G4 CKD prevented achievement of appropriate physical activity after discharge in patients with IHD, the underlying mechanisms remain undetermined. We have previously reported that the frailty was detected in approximately half of patients with stage G5 CKD [32], in which the muscle weakness is observed in patients with not only stage G5 CKD but also stage G3-G4 CKD [33]. It is well known that muscle weakness is associated with lower physical activity in older adults. Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify the potential mechanisms underlying the association between CKD and decreased physical activity.

Conclusions

Stage G3-G4 CKD in patients with IHD was associated with poor acquirement of appropriate physical activity after hospital discharge.

Abbreviations

ACC:

American College of Cardiology

AHA:

American Heart Association

CKD:

Chronic kidney disease

eGFR:

Estimated glomerular filtration rate

IHD:

Ischemic heart disease

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the help of Chiharu Noda, Takami Iwamura, Mari Kawano, Akiko Igarashi, and other staffs in the cardiac rehabilitation room.

Funding

This research was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Number 26350585).

Availability of data and materials

We decided not to share the data in our study because the data are thoroughly described and reflected in the accompanying tables and figures (All relevant data are within the paper).

Authors’ contributions

This article has eight authors. Our study needed a planner of the study (JA, TM, RM), three persons for the measurement (NH, KN, ST), two persons as the study explainer (RM, KK), two persons for the data entry (RM, KK), two persons as analyst (TM, RM), and the head of research (TM). All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Consent for publication

I consent to publish the entire text of my dissertation.

Ethics approval and consent participate

This study was approved by the Kitasato University Hospital Research Ethic Committee and was conducted in accordance with the standards set forth by the latest revision of the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients received a detailed explanation of the study protocol and provided informed consent.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rehabilitation, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara, Japan

    Ryota Matsuzawa, Kentaro Kamiya, Nobuaki Hamazaki & Kohei Nozaki

  2. Department of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan

    Takashi Masuda

  3. Department of Cardio-Angiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan

    Takashi Masuda, Nobuaki Hamazaki, Shinya Tanaka & Junya Ako

  4. Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan

    Emi Maekawa & Junya Ako

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  1. Ryota Matsuzawa
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Matsuzawa, R., Masuda, T., Kamiya, K. et al. Association between chronic kidney disease and physical activity level in patients with ischemic heart disease. Ren Replace Ther 3, 28 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41100-017-0109-8

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Renal Replacement Therapy

ISSN: 2059-1381

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